Economic
trouble in the West, rapidly expanding African economies and the end of
many African civil conflicts are contributing to a rise in the number
of African migrants returning to their home countries. Ten of them told
their stories to
The Africa Report.
When
South Sudanese pilot Amuch Ajawin moved back to Sudan after nearly a
lifetime living in the United Kingdom, he struggled to fit in."From the
time I moved to Sudan," he says, "I was treated like a foreigner. I
dressed differently, I looked different, I don't speak the local
language, Arabic. To friends and relatives, they knew I was born in
Sudan, but that didn't make me a Sudanese." According to the
International Organisation of Migration (IOM), from July 2011 to
November 2011, 350,000 people went back to Africa's newest country when
it declared independence. For Amuch, it was the opportunity to further
his career as a pilot that took him back to the country where he was
born. For others, it was the promise of being reunited with family after
decades in the north, as many were there for work or to escape civil
conflict. There are 8.8 million African migrants living in Europe, North
America and Australia. Small but increasing numbers of Africans are
also starting to carve out a life for themselves in Asia and the Middle
East, taking advantage of changing economic centres of gravity.
Meanwhile, more than half of all African migrants – 13.2 million people –
live on the continent itself, according to the Global Migrant Origin
Database. Around 1.5 million Zimbabweans have migrated to South Africa
in search of work, but after the xenophobic attacks on foreigners in
2011 many returned home. South Africa's police services say they
currently deport around 300 undocumented migrants back to Zimbabwe every
day. Emigrants, both within the continent and to the West, are a strong
economic force and sent back $60.4bn of remittances last year.
But
there has been a sharp rise in the number of people returning to
Africa, as business opportunities on the continent increase and the
world economy stagnates. "We've been seeing an increase in returns from
some countries because of job insecurity since the crisis hit," says
Laura Lungarotti of the IOM. One in four Senegalese emigrants returns to
Senegal within five years, and more than two-thirds are back within a
decade, according to a 2008 study by the Migrations between Africa and
Europe project (MAFE-Sénégal). Many returnees want to be close to their
families, live amongst their own people, reconnect with their religions
or have simply had enough of being 'foreigners' in a foreign land. More
and more, Africans want to come home to invest in their countries. The
opportunities on offer back home are greater, says Nataly Woollett, a
40-year-old psychologist from South Africa who returned home after 15
years overseas. "If you have a good idea and you have momentum and
initiative, you can get really involved in ways that you can't in more
developed contexts," she says. But assimilation after years away can be
hard. Tidiane Sow, a mechanic now settled back in his hometown of Dakar,
says he often hears people saying he is crazy because he came back from
the United States and now spends his time under cars, his hands stained
black with oil. "They feel I should be sitting in an office or bringing
back a lot of money," he says.
Born
in Malakal, in what is now an independent South Sudan, Amuch Ajawin
moved to the UK when he was three years old. In Juba, he struggles to
fit in.
1
South Sudan Pilot Amuch Ajawin, 33, was born in Malakal, a town of
stubby buildings and mud huts that fans out on the west bank of the
White Nile, and grew up in the UK.It was a youthful football injury that
indirectly led him to qualify as a pilot and return to South Sudan. He
travelled to Jordan to be operated on for a knee injury, where he met
people from an aviation academy. Two years later, he qualified as a
pilot and found work in Sudan in the years before South Sudan seceded in
2011.
We are encouraged to stay and develop the country
He
had not planned to move back to Africa, but the opportunity to be a
pilot was a good one. When Feeder Airlines relocated to Juba, the new
country capital, Amuch moved too. "It has been very difficult for me,"
he admits, saying that he has a low and irregular salary. He also moved
his wife and daughter to Addis Ababa, where his wife is from, because of
his long absences. "We are encouraged to stay and develop the country
because we have been out," he says.
In April 2012, Feeder went
through difficulties, and Amuch has not drawn a regular salary since
then. He has been surviving on freelance work, and has found it
difficult to bring the experience he gained in the UK to South Sudan. "I
have approached ministries and proposed ways of implementing working
hours, selecting people that are qualified to do the job and creating
company procedures. Some listen and try, but others just look at me, as
if to say, 'Who are you trying to change our system?'"
But he is
glad he returned. "I only intended to come back for two years, and now
it has been six. It's worth me staying a couple of years more. I think I
have a better chance staying here than returning to the UK."
When
Stephen Mazibisa, a Zimbabwean teacher, left Bulawayo in 2008 to earn
more money teaching maths in Johannesburg, he did not expect an attack
to force him back
Personal security
2 There
came a point when Stephen Mazibisa decided the $370 per month he was
earning as a maths teacher in Bulawayo could no longer sustain his
family. "That is what forced me to join the great trek to South Africa,"
says the 37 year old. In October 2008, Mazibisa left for Johannesburg
to teach at Thomas Mofolo Secondary School in Soweto, where he earned
R19,500 ($1,950) per month. Getting work and residence permits was an
expensive process, and he religiously sent between R8,000 to R10,000 to
his family each month. The money he sent built an extension to his house
and enrolled his two kids in private school. Before the FIFA World Cup
in 2010, people frustrated by high unemployment rates vented their anger
on foreigners. In a wave of xenophobic violence, Mazibisa saw his
Nigerian neighbours beaten and raped. Mazibisa was assaulted by his
students with a baseball bat, leaving him with head injuries and
fractures to his arms. He spent almost two weeks in hospital. "What
pained me most was none of my family members cared to visit me, but they
all kept sending messages demanding money." In January 2010, he packed
his bags, and left Johannesburg without notifying the school authorities
or his family. His family thought he had just come back for the
weekend, and "all hell broke loose" when he told them he was back for
good. "Instead of sympathising with me for the suffering I went through,
I was subjected to insults." He is now back in Bulawayo teaching maths
and sociology at a private college. "The money may not be enough, but I
am happy that I do not have to worry about personal security," he said.
"To me life is much more important. Financial benefits cannot compensate
lost time being with your family."security," he said. "To me life is much more important. Financial benefits cannot compensate lost time being with your family. | 
Cameroonian
farmer. After studying and working in the United States for 27 years,
Cornelius Ndimba is back in the village of Ngeptang to run a plantation
and set up a school.
It was difficult fitting in
3 Tucked
among the hills of Cameroon's North West Region is Ngeptang, a lowly
hamlet with a population hardly surpassing 2,500. Among them, Cornelius
Ndimba sticks out. His fluent English, mannerisms and style of dress are
different from those of his village peers. The 64-year-old is a
returnee from the US, where he spent 27 years after leaving in 1983 to
further his education. "I actually abandoned a job as retail manager
with an oil company, Gulf Oil, to go gain experience so I could come
back here and develop my community in my own way," he says. "I was
barely 25 years old when I left and, looking back, my community was in
dire need of development. I believed going to study abroad would enable
me to bring home solutions to our development drawbacks." While in the
US, he obtained a bachelor's degree in education and a master's in
business administration. On the sidelines, he earned money as secondary
and high school teacher, saving part for his return home. In 2008, while
still in the US, he established a 15-hectare oil palm plantation in
Ngeptang. The business has so far trained and permanently employed 15
villagers. During the harvest season, about 30 village youths are
temporarily recruited. Now in Ngeptang, he spends part of his time
offering lessons for free at the lone primary school. "It was difficult
fitting in at first. No electricity, no internet, no pipe-borne water
and so on. But my five kids and their mother, who is Cameroonian, are
now used to the situation. My biggest challenge is implementing what I
brought back knowledge-wise. I plan to start up a college here, but
things unfold rather very slowly," he says. "I made a very good choice
to come back especially considering I lost my two parents while away,
and then my elder brother. I think the village needed me to help in its
development." | 
Libyan
businessman, Mohammed Elkish was born in London and went to Benghazi to
start a family in 2009. When the revolution began, he became a
spokesman for the National Transitional Council
Things will straighten up
4 When
the revolution started, Mohammed Elkish was celebrating his marriage.
The British Libyan, who worked in aviation sales and hospitality, most
recently at London's Heathrow Airport, had decided to move to Benghazi
when the global economy began to stumble. "I wanted to get married and
settle down," he says, "and profit – and business – wise, Benghazi for
me was much, much better than London. It's an emerging market." When the
revolution against Muammar Gaddafi began in early 2011, Elkish
considered leaving but decided to volunteer for the National
Transitional Council, co-ordinating interactions between its leaders and
the media. "I thought that my international expertise would come in
handy, and it did," he says. He has since opened a travel company,
operating out of Benghazi, though moving felt like "starting from
scratch", he says, because all his contacts were in London. But there
have also been downsides to moving. Following an operation, he has to
return to London for regular check-ups because he prefers the quality of
medical treatment there. "The medical sector in Libya needs upgrading
and updating," says Elkish. "There are excellent doctors but they don't
have the facilities." In spite of this, he thinks he made the right
choice. "I do not regret it. One way or another, things will straighten
up. There was too much blood and lives lost for it all to go to waste." But
there have also been downsides to moving. Following an operation, he
has to return to London for regular check-ups because he prefers the
quality of medical treatment there. "The medical sector in Libya needs
upgrading and updating," says Elkish. "There are excellent doctors but
they don't have the facilities." In spite of this, he thinks he made the
right choice. "I do not regret it. One way or another, things will
straighten |
For
Moroccan banker, Mehdi Tazi Riffi, Jobs in Switzerland and Dubai made
it easy for him to visit Morocco frequently before returning in 2010.
There has to be a sense that you can achieve something.
5 For
Mehdi Tazi Riffi, who runs the TangerMed Free Zone, a vast industrial
complex next to the port, the decision to return cannot simply be a
comparison between salary or quality of life abroad and what is
available at home: "There has to be a sense that you can achieve
something, that you want to contribute to the development of your
country. And when you have that, it makes it easier to face the hurdles
you will naturally face when you come back."
Tazi Riffi misses the
diversity of cultural backgrounds he encountered in Europe and the
Emirates, but still feels Moroccans have it easier than other Africans
on their return, "because, at least where I worked, Moroccans would go
back more often, say every one or two years, so that the links were
still there".
Tazi Riffi left Morocco after university to work for
Nokia in Switzerland in 1998. He put a toe back in Moroccan waters in
2004 when the initial planning for the free zones was done. But after a
few months he went to help set up a company in Dubai, returning in March
2010 to take up his current job. He says the majority of his countrymen
from his year at university who left at the same time have now come
home, mostly to work in the private sector.
He thinks it is easier
to go back to Morocco now because the country is different. "The
country has changed so much over the last decade, in terms of cultural
attitudes, compared to how it was when I was a boy".
After
working with trauma patients in New York, South African Psychologist,
Nataly Woollett returned home to help victims of domestic violence.
I wanted to come back and give back
6 While
working as a psychologist specialising in trauma in New York in the
wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks, Nataly Woollett, 40, also worked
with undocumented migrants, many of whom struggled to get access to
health services. The people she worked with had limited resources, like
those she worked with in South Africa. "My history here primed me for
trauma work. I worked with people who were marginalised in both
contexts." After eight years in the US, on top of years in London
working in an investment bank and training as an art therapist, she
decided it was time to move back to Johannesburg. "I wanted to come back
and give back in my professional capacity," she says. "I felt a sense
of guilt about not giving back to my own environment." When she moved
back after 15 years overseas, it was partly due to homesickness and
partly because she wanted to experience the exciting political changes
that were occurring in her home country at the time. "It's a hopeful
time, even if it is challenging. I didn't want to miss what was
happening here politically." Two years ago, Woollett and a group of
psychologists and lawyers set up an organisation to support victims of
domestic violence. "I think one of the amazing things I've seen here is
the level of opportunity," she says. "If you have a good idea and you
have momentum and initiative you can get really involved in ways that
you can't in more developed contexts." Woollett now works in HIV
treatment and prevention. Much of her work is based in the inner-city
area of Hillbrow. "The people coming back and the migrants coming into
South Africa make it an amazing place. Most people who come here want to
get stuck in. This sort of energy is hopeful." |
Rwandan
businessman, Frederic Ngirabacu returned to Rwanda after graduating
with a degree in business in Belgium and now helps businessmen in Kigali
improve their operations.
I can add more value in Africa than in Europe
7 When
he left Rwanda in December 1994 at the age of 18, Frederic Ngirabacu
left behind a country devastated by genocide. Back in Kigali, Frederic
says he is in the right place: "I can add more value in Africa than in
Europe." When the genocide first began, Ngirabacu's family spent three
months on the run. Once the killings ended, his family settled in
Brussels. As a student at the Université de Liège studying business
engineering, Ngirabacu was sure that he would one day run his own
business. "Rwanda was just a coincidence. I was open to going anywhere
on the continent, and I'm still open to going somewhere else," he
explains. Joining the telecoms company Tigo, Ngirabacu went to Kigali in
2009. In 2011, he started his own management consultancy. Leaving a
good job and assured life in Europe for an 'adventure' in Africa made no
sense to some of his friends and family. But Ngirabacu felt Europe was
saturated and Africa had much to offer in terms of business creation.
Although Rwanda has had a lot of infrastructure development, Ngirabacu
says that poor business education has made it difficult to find capable
employees. He has also had trouble convincing businesses of the need for
his services to transform informal business into a more structured
set-up. He plans to expand his company across the continent: "Africa is
where the opportunities are," he says.xxeducation
has made it difficult to find capable employees. He has also had
trouble convincing businesses of the need for his services to transform
informal business into a more structured set-up. He plans to expand his
company across the continent: "Africa is where the opportunities are,"
he says. |
Nigerian
actress, Ade Laoye left behind the theatrical stages of the US for
Nollywood. She is critical of the acting industry in Lagos but is happy
to be near friends and family.
It meant taking a huge leap of faith
8 Actress
Ade Laoye, 29, had been back in her home town Lagos for less than a
year when she pulled off her first Nollywood film. After 11 years in the
United States working in theatre in Philadelphia and New Jersey, she
decided it was time to move back home. "It meant taking a huge leap of
faith and stepping out into the unknown, but opening myself up to a new
world of possibilities," she says with an American accent peppered with
the latest Nigerian slang.
She had felt restless for some time and
wanted to make a change. After a short visit to Nigeria, she found
herself longing to return. A year later, she bought a one-way ticket to
Lagos. But living in Lagos can be challenging, she says. "Here, you have
to be way more aggressive and borderline harsh in order to get things
done. It's also hard to find people you can trust, who aren't just
waiting for an opportunity to take advantage of you."
Laoye's life
is a whirlwind of networking, trying to meet people in the industry who
could help her acting career. "I tapped into my own personal network
and asked my family and friends for contacts," she says. "I made many
phone calls and sent many emails. Eventually, I started meeting the
right people and doors started opening. You also have to always be
prepared for anything."
She finds that the lack of industry rules
or a centralised hub for information – as there is in the US – makes
work in Nigeria harder. Ultimately, she is glad she returned. When she
performed in Lagos, her father was able to see her on stage for the
first time. "I'm proud of what I've accomplished so far, and I'm
certainly looking forward to what's to come."
Congolese
agribusinessman, Padre Kibangoud is part of the growing China-Africa
ties. After finishing his degree in Jinan, he went on to work in Ghana.
Going back was far from their minds
9 When
Padre Kibangoud, 28, was handed his admission forms in 2005 for a
university in Shandong province, eastern China, he didn't speak a word
of English or Mandarin, and he had never set foot outside his native
Republic of Congo. Obtaining a visa to study at a western university had
proved cumbersome and expensive, so his father decided to send him to
China. Today, the details of the daunting lonely journey to the Chinese
metropolis of Jinan are still etched on his mind. His only prop was a
handwritten note from an uncle, in English, to identify him as a student
in case he got lost. "At the time, I was a bit traumatized by the
experience," says Kibangoud. "When I arrived on the university campus
after a five-hour train trip and finally sat down in my room, I broke
down in tears." Kibangoud didn't see his parents for the next five
years; there wasn't enough money to visit during the holidays. As he
worked toward completing his master's degree in automation and control
engineering, an Asian agribusiness giant came to the campus to recruit
young talent. Expanding its operations in Africa, the company said it
was especially interested in African students who might be willing to
work on the continent. "More than 30 students attended the first company
presentations," Kibangoud says. "Most students planned to move on to
Europe or the United States after getting a degree. Going back home was
far from their mind." Kibangoud, however, believes his future lies in
Africa. Even as a youngster, he focused on learning technical skills. "I
come from an oil-producing country, and I decided early on that I
should orient myself toward a profession that will be useful in the oil
and gas industry." The thing he admires most about the Chinese are their
discipline and organised approach to work, he says. For nearly two
years, Kibangoud worked at vegetable-oil extraction plants in China
before accepting a transfer to Ghana. While poverty and unemployment
remain widespread, Kibangoud believes the labor market will improve as a
variety of emerging economic powers is preparing to invest in the
continent. "India, China and Brazil are all looking at Africa and I
think together they will gradually create a new dynamic that can boost
the economic environment." "Ghana is interesting because it's very
different from Congo, yet it is still Africa. It's good to have this
international experience. I've always wanted to work for a big company
where I can learn new things and improve myself. I'm very happy where I
am now and I don't think much about what's next. But one day, I will
return home." | After
17 years working as a mechanic in New York and Philadelphia, Tidiane
Sow returned to Dakar, Senegal. Now he is the go-to man to service BMWs
and Porsches
Working, playing, not saving money
10 It
was a shock for Tidiane Sow when he first set foot in Dakar in 2010
after almost two decades living in the United States, working first as a
mechanic for a New York cab owner, then at Ford and Chrysler. "Did I
come from here?" he recalls asking himself. "What is this place?" When
he left Senegal as a troublesome teenager, the roads were paved, people
had money and his parents were relatively young. When he came back in
2010, the streets of his neighbourhood were full of potholes and his
parents had grown old. Sow, 40, had been worrying about the fact that
although he sometimes earned as much as $2,000 a week in the USA, he
never had any savings. "I had everything I wanted. It was work hard,
play hard. But it came to a certain point where I thought, I can't keep
doing this: working, playing, not saving money. It made me realise I
needed to go back." Taking over the role as head of the family in the
wake of his father's death, Sow started a mechanic's workshop. It is one
of the only ones in Senegal that can work on Porsches and BMWs, which
increasingly ply the streets of Dakar. "I can make money here," he said
to himself. Despite his wealthy clients, his workshop remains a modest
outfit in the garage of the house he grew up in, spilling into the sandy
and oil-stained street outside. His strict work ethic has led to high
staff turnover. "This is Senegal, man," he says in his New York drawl.
"You say come at 8 o'clock, they show up at 10 o'clock. They show up for
two or three days, they take a day off. Three times you're gone, man,
no exceptions." Sow often hears people saying he was crazy to go back.
"It's very hard staying here," he says, "but at the same time, you feel
at home. Here I work and feed my family, that's the difference." He has
married his secretary and built a house. He says he does not regret
going away, but he regrets not coming back often to visit, seeing the
business landscape, building up staff, importing the right equipment.
"If I had come often, I would have got the equipment I wanted to suit
Senegal better," he says. |
You Just Got Back? Here are some tips for you
Repats
fill the malls and restaurants of Lagos, so here are some tips for
anyone who has recently returned from the United States or Europe.
When
I was growing up, IJGBs – 'I just got backs' – were a rare commodity
because in the '80s and '90s hardly anyone ever 'got back'. It made far
more sense to 'get away'. Everyone who could and many who could not
became IJWGAs: 'I just wanna get aways'. Life, more or less lived
staring down AK-47s and in the absence of working phones, electricity,
Zinger Burgers and lattes, was pretty awful. Today, it is a different
story. Everyone now wants to be an IJGB. There is now even a fancy name
for them: 'repatriate' or 'repat'. Loads of Nigerians have been flooding
back, tempted by Facebook photos of D'Banj shows and movie screenings
and shopping malls and Lagos weddings. And, of course, by that endless
stream of 'Africa-rising-Nigeria- bouncing' headlines. We can safely
classify IJGBs into two camps: the 'Temps' and the 'Stays'. The Temps
come every first week of December, leave just after Christmas and are
responsible for the overcrowding of malls, cinemas and restaurants. They
are easy to spot: shorts-and-singlet-wear- ing dudes and dudettes
wandering around clutching water bottles and complaining about the heat.
The Stays are the ones who have moved back for good. They come armed
with all sorts: MBAs, non-profit passions, start-up ideas and enough
impractical thinking to defuse a nuclear arsenal. It is the Stays the
following advice is meant for:
•Life is tougher these days. Once
upon a time your accent guaranteed you a job, the sort that came with a
company car and apartment. Now you have to compete with homegrown IJGB
accents, picked up from MTV, Keeping Up With The Kardashians and Sex and the City.
•Learn
Pidgin, and please drop the IJGB accent when speaking Pidgin. Not very
many things are more sickening than a gonna-wanna-Pidgin.
•Respect yourself. That means not making a fuss over sums that would be considered chicken change.
•Never forget that this is not and will never be America or London. Drop all the "in America" prefaces to rants and ramblings.
•Eat
what you're given, dammit! If you're vegetarian, cook and eat at home.
Don't go around complaining how hard it is to find vegetarian pepper
soup in town.
•Finally, join an IJGB union. If you're too busy to
face-meet to discuss the tragic impossibility of finding "real coffee"
in Lagos, join an IJGB BlackBerry Messenger or WhatsApp group. By Tolu
Ogunlesi
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