FROM
Blacked out Through Whitewash
by S. E. Suzar
If this pre-released abridged version is not at your local African bookstore, because the need is critical, it may be copied and distributed -- especially to those you care about -- to help them wake up! Have at least 10 copies made doubleside if possible and give (or sell) to 10 people. If 100 people did this and their 10-friends each did the same and so on for just 5 generations, there will TEN MILLION people exposed to this vital information that can make a vital difference! (100x10 = 1,000x10 = 10,000x10 = 100,000x10 = 1,000,000x10 = 10,000,000!) Sections may also be copied as long as credit is given to the book or author. A great place to make your copies is Kinko's Copies -- so named after the kinky hair of the Lebanese founder! The published, unabridged version of this work may not be copied. If the quality of your xeroxed copy is faded, a clear copy (or even the book) may be available at some African book stores.
Part I: Exposing the Greatest Coverups in "His-Story"
You probably already know that Christ was a Black man....
.... according to the Bible, called the "
Lamb" of God, with kinky hair compared with
lamb's wool, feet the color of burnt brass (Rev. 1:14,15) and a likeness resembling jasper and sardine stone (sard/sardonyx), which are commonly "brownish" stones. (Rev. 4:3).
ALL the earliest pictures and statues of Christ depict him as Black. In the catacombs of Rome where images of Jesus appear for the first time, black paintings and statues of Christ, the Madonna, Apostles and Biblical characters still survive from early Christian worship. The most sacred icons of the Catholic Church and also, prominent cathedrals in Europe are the Black Madonna and Christ child. In the British Museum, a gold coin struck in the time of the Roman emperor Justinian II, shows Christ with tightly curled, wooly hair. J.A. Rogers reports in
Sex and Race Vol.1, p.292 that the Cambridge Encyclopedia Co. says that this coin places beyond doubt "the fact that Jesus Christ was a Negro." How many white Christians in America would remain Christians if they knew the truth about Jesus? William Mosely supplies additional evidence in
What Color Was Jesus?
Like Christ, ALL founders of world religions on ALL continents were BLACK and "woolly" haired, including the earliest gods.
Buddha was Black, that's why his woolly hair is always shown in small tight curls, pepper corn style or corn rows. Early sculptures of him clearly reveal his Aficoid features ...wide nose and full lips. So was
Zaha of Japan,
Fu-Hsi of China,
Tyr of Scandinavia,
Quetzalcoatl of Mexico,
Sommonacom of Siam and
Isis of Egypt and Rome.
Krishna of India was "blue-black," in fact his means black, or the Black One! (see dictionary). He is always portrayed with blue or blue-black skin.
Mohammed, founder of Islam was also 'bluish' in color with 'frizzy' hair. His grandfather was "black as the night."
Moses was Black according to Mohammedan tradition and early portraits. His hand would turn white, then back to his "other flesh" when God wished to give him a sign. (Ex. 4:6,7).
Lao Tse of Taosim was "a divine incarnation ...born of a virgin black in complexion and as beautiful as jasper." (Thorton:
History of China Vol.1) The chief title of
Osiris, the greatest of Egyptian gods means "Lord of the Perfect Black." He was also called "The Great Black," similar to Krishna. The chief title of
Zeus, greatest of the Greek gods was "Ethiops" which means "burnt faced." Early statues of gods in India have Africoid features and woolly or locked hair. The name of the Mexican god
Ixtliton means "blacked faced." In fact, many ancient Mexican gods are portrayed jet black with Africoid features. Once banned,
The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors, by Kersey Graves reveals remarkable knowledge on this subject, along with Anacalypis by Godfrey Higgins and
African Origins of the Major World Religions by Amon Saakana, ed. Many Bible stories are borrowed from ancient Egypt, Sumer and India, as documented in John Jackson's
Christianity Before Christ.
Nappy hair is 'divine' -- the choice of God!
Like Christ, "His son" and all the founders of world religions, God Himself has kinky, nappy hair -- according to the Bible, where God or the "Ancient of Days" is described as having
"hair like the pure wool." (Dan. 7:9) The Power that causes galaxies to spiral, and planets and atoms to spin; that causes the double helix spiral of the DNA molecules -
this same spiraling power causes spiraling hair... otherwise known as NAPPY, kinky, curly, frizzy, wavy, WOOLLY hair! The words, SPIN, SPIRAL, and SPIRITUAL have common roots! The Supreme Power spins; spirals; it is spiritual. It moves or spirals the universe! The entire universe dances in spirals and rotations; everything in it reflects the "SPIRaling, SPIRitual" essence out of which it is made! The "SPIRal," especially the Golden Spiral, is simultaneously the most profound
motion and
design in the universe -- built into all lifeforms, from seashells to man, to spiraling nappy hair! Your blood
spirals through your veins! Plants
spiral up from the soil! And nappy hair spirals out from the hair roots! Ball your hand into a fist and slowly extend each finger and you will see for yourself how the tip of each finger opens in a golden spiral path! Straight-haired people also have a spiral on their heads, visible as a whorl pattern with its center in the back of the head, where their straight hair grows out slanting in the whorl's direction. Wooly haired people have both, the whorl pattern and the individually spiraling strands of helixal, coiled, spring-like, nappy hair ... the choice of the gods!
Did Jesus have dredlocks?
Jesus was a Nazarite: a vow of Nazarites was to never cut his hair but "let the locks of the hair of his head grow." (Nm. 6:2,5, Lv. 19:27; 21:5) The word Nazarite is from nazar, meaning unshorn. Wooly nappy hair, if simply washed and dried but never combed or brushed, will naturally entwine into long locks as it grows. Samson, the most famous example of locked hair, had seven locks. (Jg. 13:5, 16:17,19)
Hair is really antennae which can receive and transmit energy! A Rastafarian explains that dredlocks are a quality of Black people; they "are high-tension wires," which transmits divine energy and inspiration from Jah [God], the creator, to Rasta, the mirror." (Nicholas/Sparrow:
Rastafari -- A Way of Life) As Blacks awaken to true self-knowledge and self-acceptance this brings, the negative racist conditioning with respect to their natural spiraling, nappy hair as "bad" and straighter hair as "good" will cease!
Ancient Egypt was a Black African Civilization. The word itself means Black!
The ancient Egyptians called themselves
Kam or Kam-Au (Black people/ Black God-people), and their country Kamit (or Khemit), both meaning land of the Blacks and the Black Land. The word Egypt is derived from the Greek word Aigyptos (or Aiguptos) which means Black! Europe's first historian, Herodotus said "the Egyptians, Colchians, and Ethiopians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are of burnt skin." Egyptian civilization evolved from the Ethiopians. The Bible equates Ham (Africans) with Egypt. (Ps.78:51; 105:23, 27; 106:21, 22) The Black identity of Egyptian mummies is proven by their high melanin content. Also, Egyptians made wigs from sheep wool to match their woolly hair! A superb summary of the first Egyptians, their culture and achievements is documented in Legrand Clegg's video
Egypt During the Golden Age. Other great works include Gerald Massey's scholarly
Egypt, Light of the World, and James Brunson's
Predynastic Egypt. A powerful synthesis of the esoteric sciences of ancient Egypt, India and Canaan, is presented in
Metu Neter by Ra Un Nefer Amen.
Whites blew off the Africoid nose of the Sphinx! -- and destroyed much ancient Africoid art.
Carved from a single rock, the Sphinx was a portrait of the Black Pharaoh Khafre (Cephren). The blatant, undeniable evidence of Black African achievement, blew off the Africoid nose and part of the lips with cannon fire! Reporting on the "riddle" of the racial identity of the ancient Egyptians, Count C. Volney, a distinguished French scholar who visited Egypt in the late 1700s, wrote with astonishment "...when I visited the Sphinx, its appearance gave me the key to the riddle. Beholding that head typically
Negro in all its features..." He later added "...the Egyptians were true Negroes of the same type as all native-born Africans." The Sphinx's broad nose and full lips are evident in an early drawing of the Sphinx as it was found in the 19th century.
The willful and systematic destruction of Africoid art has also occurred in the Americas, Asia and India: Inscriptions and hieroglyphics are defaced or bleached, noses are shot off or chiseled down, confusing nomenclatures are pasted over the evidence, photos are taken from misleading angles or filters, and some evidence is outright destroyed. In temples and monuments of beauty and durability where destruction was less desirable than claiming the achievements as their own, Europeans replaced the African inscriptions with new ones which credited themselves for the achievement.
Western (white) civilization is founded on a Black African civilization.
You may recall being taught in school that Western (white) civilization is founded upon the ancient Greek civilization which seemed to suddenly appear. What European historians are trying to hide or deny is that the Greek civilization was primarily the offspring of the advanced Black African civilization of ancient Egypt which preceded it by thousands of years. Even Greek legends relate that Egyptian and Phoenician conquerors ruled all or parts of Greece until the 14th or 15th century B.C. Books about Western civilization's African origins include Cheikh Anta Diop:
The African Origin of Civilization -- Myth or Reality and Martin Bernal:
Black Athena Vol. 1, 2.
So-called Greek philosophy is stolen Egyptian philosophy!
The Greek plagiarism of Egyptian science, philosophy and religion is well documented by George James in
Stolen Legacy. Egypt was the greatest educational center in the ancient world. Black Egyptians educated the Greeks. Black Egyptian priests taught the best minds of Europe; Plato, Thales, Aristotle, Democritus, Anaximander, Solon and others. A surviving sculpture of Socrates shows that he was an African, as was Aesop of Aesop's fables. And historians wrote that such great lawgivers as Lykourgos studied in Egypt and brought back the legal and political basis for the West's politics.
The earliest Greek and Roman gods were all Black, including the Trojan heroes!
The early Greek-Roman gods and goddesses such as Apollo, Zeus, Hercules, Athena, Venus, were all Black, being renditions of the Black Egyptian gods. The historian Herodotus himself wrote that "the names of nearly all the gods came to Greece from Egypt." The Aeneid, like the Illiad, Odyssey and all the other great epics of the world, is a poetic story dealing with Black people! Aeneas, the Trojan hero of Virgil's Aeneid, was in direct descent from Dardanus, the African founder of Troy.
Africans gave us Math, Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry! -including the Arabic Numbers! Africans also originated the world's first known universities.
The falsely credited Pythagoras and Euclid learned their knowledge from Egypt's "Sacred Mystery Schools," which were the first universities known to man (with branches in other parts of the world, including China!) Estimated by computer analysis to have approached a mile in length, the temple-university of Luxor housed an elite faculty of priest-professors and catered to some 80,000 students at all grade levels! Temples were at the center of religion, politics and education. The Ethiopians and Egyptians originated Mathematics and Trigonometry. The African Moors originated Algebra and developed Trigonometry into a science. The word Algebra is derived from "Al-Jabr wa'l Muqabala," the title of the first textbook on the subject. From the name of the Black author, "Al-Khowarizmi" we get the word algorithm (a math procedure). The Arabic numbers we use today came from he ancient Arab people who were originally Black Africans! -- and many of them still are!
Chemistry and the word itself is from Black Egypt. And where would the world be without PAPER and ALPHABET? Africans gave us both! The words Chemistry/Alchemy (see page 8) are from the word Kam or Khem, the name which the ancient Egyptians called themselves which means BLACK. Africans invented paper and paper-making. Paper was made from papyrus, hence the name. Before this, writing was done on stone tablets. The alphabet used by Western civilization originates from the Black Phoenicians who copied the principles from the Africans of the Nile Valley.
The real 'Father of Medicine' was the African multi-genius Imhotep of ancient Egypt, not Hippocrates who lived 2000 years later. Imhotep brought the knowledge of medicine to Greece and Rome. He was a world famous physician, architect, high priest, diplomat, economist, poet, philosopher, sage, magician, astronomer, engineer, and designer of the Step Pyramid of Sakkara. He was so revered that he was deified while still living and worshipped as the Great God of Medicine. The Greeks renamed him Aesclepios, the God of Healing. The phrase "drink and be merry..." is traced to him. The symbol of the medical profession, the caduceus (a winged staff entwined by two serpents), was the insignia found on his temples.
Imhotep temples in fact were the first hospitals known to man! Stolen from Africa, his many volumes are at Karl Marx University in Leipzig, Germany. "From Egypt we have the earliest medical books, the first observatory for anatomy -- human and comparative -- the first experiments in surgery and pharmacy, the first use of splints and bandages, compresses and other appliances, and the first anatomical and medical vocabulary, and an extensive one at that." (S. Glanvile:
The Legacy of Egypt p.196) European medicine is founded on the works of Imhotep and Black Muslims, Avicenna and Rhazes. For rich details, see Llaila O. Afrika:
African Holistic Health.
This race of black men... is the very race to which we owe our arts, our sciences, and even the use of speech!" -- wrote the amazed, distinguished French scholar, Count C. Volney in 1787. Later he wrote
Ruins of Empires, a book which so delighted scholars of the day that it was translated into English with a 'special edition' for the racist Americans, in which the following quotation was left out: "There are a people, now forgotten, discovered, while others were yet barbarians, the elements of the arts and sciences. A race of men rejected now for their black skin and woolly hair founded, on the study of the laws of Nature, those civil and religious systems which still govern the universe."
* The name by which whites are known -- Caucasian -- originated from Africans -- and is from Caucasus, which is derived from the Ethiopian words "Caer Cush Aur." (Bryant's Ancient Mythology Vol. III, p.158 [1807]). Ancient African civilizations were flourished while Europeans were living as barbarians in the caves of the Caucasus mountains.
* Whites stole the word "Aryan" from the Sanskrit language of India's Blacks where it meant noble cultivator or the holy.
* Europe is named after the Black Phoenician princess, Europa! (see dictionary) -who was kidnapped by Black Zeus.
* "Slave" is from "Slav." So many Slavic people of Europe were enslaved that the word "Slav" came to mean "slave."
* Paris is named after the Egyptian goddess, Isis! -from an early temple of Isis (Pari Isidos). At the site of this temple is the Cathedral of Notre Dame; the Grande Dame referred to Isis herself!
The heroes and people of the Bible were primarily Black African people. Moses was an Egyptian priest whose hand turned white under special circumstances. (Ex. 4:6,7) Black Samson had dredlocks. Solomon declares "I am black" as does Job; "My skin is black..." (Sol. 1:6, Job 30:30) Simon was a Canaanite. (Mt. 10:4) Paul is mistaken for an "Egyptian." (Acts 21:37-39) The early church fathers, persecuted Christians and martyred saints were also Black, such as St. Barbara -- a female saint after which Santa Barbara city is named, St. Augustine, St. Maurice, Clement of Alexandria and five popes, including St. Peter! (Rogers: Nature Knows No Color-line) For details; McCray: The Black Presence in the Bible. Dunston: The Black Man in the Old Testament and its World; and Barashango: God, The Bible and The Black Man's Destiny.
Seeking to further discredit African legacy, white historians try to displace Egypt from Africa by classifying it as part of Asia, but the ancient people of West Asia were also Black! The original people of West Asia were the Sumerians, who called themselves the "Black-Heads." They founded the rich Black cultures of Mesopatamia which included the ancient Babylonians, Chaldeans, Canaanites, Phoenicians and Elamites (original Persians). Cush or Nubia means Ethiopia. The Biblical table of nations (Gen. 10) tells us that Cush and Canaan were brothers (sons of Ham), and that Sumer (Shina) is descended from Cush. Old Testament compilers assign Ham (father of Africans) to Egypt, Canaan, Cush and Phut (Libya). The Bible refers to Egypt as Ham. (Ps. 78:51; 105:23, 27; 106;21,22)
The original Biblical Jews were a Black African people.
The original Jews in Africa 2000 years ago were a Black African people as an ethnic group. (Massey: Egypt Light of the Word p.501) Many of them still are Black, in northern Africa such as the Falasha Jews of Ethiopia. A New York Times editorial (3/2/84) described them as "a lost tribe that has kept its identity for more than 2,000 years in a remote corner of Africa." Abraham, ancestor of the Hebrews, was from Chaldea; the ancient Chaldeans were Black. In fact, Africa takes it name from Ophren, a son of Abraham by his wife, Keturah (Whiston: The Life and Works of Flavius Josephus p.50) Like Jesus, Mary and Joseph, the lineage of Ethiopian Emperor, Haile Selassie also goes back to Judah -- through Solomon/Queen of Sheba and King David. Roman historian Tacitus wrote that many of his time believed that the Jews "were a race of Ethiopian origin." The Bible classifies the Ethiopians and Jews together, "Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel? saith the Lord." (Amos 9:7) Black Paul is mistaken for an "Egyptian" and declares himself to be a "Jew." (Acts 21:37-39, 22: 2,3) That the Jews got their language, religion and culture from the Canaanites and Sumerians through Babylon, is well documented by historians. The original ancient Hebrew alphabet was identical to that of the Phoenicians. "Semitic languages" are really dialectical variants of African languages.
The word Semite is from semi which means half. Half what? Half BLACK! (mulatto!) Semite refers to the descendants of Shem, one of Noah's sons. The word originates from the Latin prefix semi which means half. "half Black and half white... therefore Black (since Black is genetically dominant)" points out Dr. Cress Welsing. Historian Cheikh Anta Diop also points out that the "Semitic" arises in the 4th millennia B.C. from crossbreeding between Black inhabitants of the holy land and white northern invaders. While many Semites (such as Jews and gypsies) have mixed so much with whites that they've forgotten or deny their African roots, racism (white supremacy) will never let them forget this no matter how light-skinned they become, as proved by Hitler, who mandated their destruction because they were classified by whites as "non-white" people originating in Africa. The very word gypsy means "out of Egypt."
African Americans are largely descendants of the original Black Jews! The original Biblical Jews were Black African people who were ruthlessly persecuted by the white man (Romans). The prophet Jesus was a Black Jew who was born during this time. The Roman-Jewish War in 66 A.D. marked the peak of this persecution and the end of the original Black Jews (Hebrew-Israelites) as a nation. As predicted by Jesus, in this war Jerusalem was overthrown, the Temple was destroyed and the Black Hebrews were scattered. (Mat. 24:15-21, Luke 21: 5,6, 20-24) The loss of life was appalling. So many Hebrews were slain that the whole lake of Galilee was red with blood and covered with corpses. The noted historian, Josephus estimated that one million one hundred thousand perished in the siege of Jerusalem alone, reports Hugh Schonfield in his book The Passover Plot p.192-195, which describes this massive genocide.
* Seeking to escape destruction, millions of original Black Biblical Jews fled into AFRICA!
* Centuries later, their descendants were captured and sold into slavery in the Americas! Ella Hughley's remarkable booklet The Truth About Black Biblical Hebrew-Israelites exposes and summarizes important details of this suppressed subject. She writes "Many of the Israelites... who managed to escape their persecutors during the Roman-Jewish War subsequently migrated to West Africa, and 16,000 years later their descendants were captured and brought to America in chains by cruel slave-traders." She quotes the noted Jewish historian, Josephus from his book The Great Roman-Jewish War: 66-70, where he writes about this Jewish dispersion and captivity. "General Vaspasian and his son Caesar Titus fought against the Jews. Millions of Jews fled into Africa, among other places, fleeing from Roman persecution and starvation during the siege." In African Origins of Major Wester Religions p.75, Dr. Yusef ben-Jochannan writes "there were many Hebrew (Jewish) tribes that were of indigenous African origin, These African Jews were caught in a rebellion in Cyrene ... during 115 C.E. This rebellion also marked the beginning of a mass Jewish migration southward into Sudan of West Africa." Arab historian, Ibn Battuta writes of finding Jews scattered across North and West Africa during his travels. The Hebrewisms of numerous tribes, especially in West Africa is well documented.
If the original Jews were Black, where did white Jews come from? There are two main types of white Jews; the Edomites and the Khazars. Edomites are the descendants of Esau, who was born ruddy (red) and hairy according to the Bible. (Gen. 25:25) This describes the "white" man; he is red (all shades) and hairy. Esau was the albino, fraternal twin brother of Jacob, the father of the original Black Israelites. The white Edomites and Black Israelites were constantly in strife against one another. In fact, the Edomites fought the Black Jews in the Roman-Jewish War. At a later period in history, the Edomites (Idumeans) were conquered and forced to become "Jews." The European Khazars became "Jews" in 740 A.D. (see below) Neither groups are descended from the house of Israel! Khazars make up over 90% of the so-called "Jews!" (Hatonn)
The world's best kept secret? Hugley writes "These groups... [Khazars esp., plus Edomites and other ethnic groups] make up modern Jewry today. Although the black Hebrew-Israelites are the real descendants of ancient Israel, this truth is not known by many and it is 'the world's best kept secret.' Because of slavery and scattering, the Hebrew-Israelites are not known to the world as true Israel... Some scholars, teachers and ministers teach that God has completely cast them away, but God said, 'I have chosen thee, and have not cast thee away.' (Isa. 41:9, last part.) [& Rm. ch.11] Although the children of Israel went into captivity, a remnant has returned as was predicted. The prophecy of Ezekiel 37th chapter tells of the spiritual resurrection of the people of Israel, who will be perpetually betrothed to their God in truth and in righteousness." There are numerous Black-Hebrew congregations in America. "Temple Bethel" is the largest & oldest (in Belleville, VA).
"Jews" were a heavy part of the African slave trade in the America! Compiled from Jewish documents, The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews by the Nation of Islam reveals the vast Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade. "Jews" were also major slave sellers during the Middle Ages. (Van Sertima: African Presence in Early Europe p.161) These "Jewish" slave-sellers were probably not "real Jews" at all but Khazars. (see below)
Counterfeit Jews: the hated, white "Khazars" who have usurped the real Jews! ... Historians are now recognizing that the majority of eastern so-called "Jews" are actually "Khazars" and have NO Semitic roots whatsoever! The Khazars are impostors: well-suppressed knowledge is emerging about this war-like tribe of whites that rose to power in Eastern Europe and were hated by the other whites they conquered due to there severe, exploitative treatment of them. The Khazars all converted to Judaism as a political ploy during the Middle Ages. It appears that they learned all they could from the real Hebrews before usurping them, selling them into slavery (or killing them) and taking over in their place, -- using the corrupted form of Judaism to hide behind while continuing their treachery right into modern times. Much of Europe's historical hate for "Jews" is hate for the ruthless Khazars who continued to be hated in spite of becoming "Jews." In fact, the word "Jew" originated during the 1700s to label them! (Hatonn: p.3, 17) Counterfeit Blessings -- The Anti-Christ by Any Name: Khazars by G.C. Hatonn, exposes that the Khazars are the real "anti-Semites" who have labeled themselves as Zionists and "Jews" to deceive the world in furthering their own plans for global and political conquest. (See pages 22-24 in this document) In the 13th Tribe. Arthur Koesler traces the history of the Khazars and their rise to power.
Posts
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FFROM ALLAFRICA.COM
Nigeria: I Prefer Indigenous Literatures - Wa Thiong'o
By Yemi Adebisi, 15 January 2011He has severally recommended to African writers to develop indigenous literature. His claim is that African writers need to write in African language in order to project her rich culture to the whole world. No wonder he prefers to read literatures written in his local language, Gikuyu.
In his response to what his thoughts are about contemporary fiction in Kenya and the more recent texts in Gikuyu that have had an impact on him, he said, "There are several writers who now write in Gikuyu. Ms. Waithira Mbuthia is very prolific. But so is Gitahi Gititi, now a professor of English, but writing in Gikuyu. Mwangi Mutahi is another who has published three novels in Gikuyu. There is also Gatua wa Mbugua, a poet and a scientist. He has just completed and successfully defended a scientific thesis written entirely in Gikuyu for the Department of Crop Science at Cornell. There are many more. Most of these writers are contributors to the Gikuyu language journal, Mutiiri, originally based at New York University, but now at the University of California Irvine."
During the late 70's, his commitment to art and community led him to form communal theatre groups in villages, which showcased some of his most indicting plays. These works portrayed the political corruption of post-colonial life in Kenya and the people's struggle to define an identity despite years of harsh political and social transitions. In 1977, Ngugi was arrested for his involvement with the communal theatres. While in prison, Ngugi reflected on the urgency in forming a truly African literature and at the same time wrote Devil on the Cross on prison- issued toilet paper. He subsequently would abandon English for his native Gikuyu for all his future novels. After being released from prison, Ngugi lost a university position and his family suffered from constant harassment. In 1982, Ngugi left Kenya and has been in exile ever since. Ngugi Wa Thiong'o is the recipient of numerous awards including the Paul Robeson Award for Artistic Excellence, Political Conscience and Integrity (1992); Gwendolyn Brooks Center Contributors Award for Significant Contribution to the Black Literary Arts (1994); Fonlon-Nichols Prize (1996); and the Distinguished Africanist Award by the New York African Studies Association (1996).